625 research outputs found
Sleep position and risk of late stillbirth
Get PDFAbstractViolence imports on the physical and moral integrity of the individual person, of groups, of whole societies, and sometimes even, beyond. However, exiting violence is not merely a matter of putting an end to violence, it is also one of once again giving meaning to the lives of individuals and collectivities where violence had destroyed or badly altered it. It is finding a means for victims and perpetrators to be able to live together; it is to refuse to become trapped in the terrible events of the past just as it is to refuse to forget or deny them.要旨暴力は個人、集団、時にはそれらを超えて社会全体に肉体的・精神的な悪影響を与える。暴力を克服すること、それは暴力そのものの終結を意味するだけでなく、暴力によって破壊または悪変された個人や集団の存在に新たに意味を与えることを可能にする。このことは、被害者と加害者が共に生きることの可能性を示唆し、そうすることで、過去の惨事に囚われ続けることなく、しかしそれを忘れることも、否定することもないのである
The association between tobacco and the risk of asthma, rhinoconjunctivitis and eczema in children and adolescents : analyses from Phase Three of the ISAAC programme
Get PDFWe are grateful to the children and parents who participated
in ISAAC Phase Three and the coordination and assistance by the school staff is
sincerely appreciated. The authors also acknowledge and thank the many funding
bodies throughout the world that supported the individual ISAAC centres and
collaborators and their meetings.Background: Exposure to parental smoking is associated
with wheeze in early childhood, but in 2006 the US
Surgeon General stated that the evidence is insufficient
to infer a causal relationship between exposure and
asthma in childhood and adolescents.
Aims:To examine the association between maternal and
paternal smoking and symptoms of asthma, eczema and
rhinoconjunctivitis.
Methods: Parents or guardians of children aged
6-7 years completed written questionnaires about
symptoms of asthma, rhinoconjunctivitis and eczema,
and several risk factors, including maternal smoking in
the child’s first year of life, current maternal smoking
(and amount) and paternal smoking. Adolescents aged
13-14 years self completed the questionnaires on these
symptoms and whether their parents currently smoked.
Results: In the 6-7-year age group there were 220 407
children from 75 centres in 32 countries. In the 13-14-
year age group there were 350 654 adolescents from
118 centres in 53 countries. Maternal and paternal
smoking was associated with an increased risk of
symptoms of asthma, eczema and rhinoconjunctivitis in
both age groups, although the magnitude of the OR is
higher for symptoms of asthma than the other outcomes.
Maternal smoking is associated with higher ORs than
paternal smoking. For asthma symptoms there is a clear
dose relationship (1e9 cigarettes/day, OR 1.27; 10-19
cigarettes/day, OR 1.35; and 20+ cigarettes/day, OR
1.56). When maternal smoking in the child’s first year of
life and current maternal smoking are considered, the
main effect is due to maternal smoking in the child’s first
year of life. There was no interaction between maternal
and paternal smoking.
Conclusions: This study has confirmed the importance
of maternal smoking, and the separate and additional
effect of paternal smoking. The presence of
a dose-response effect relationship with asthma
symptoms suggests that the relationship is causal,
however for eczema and rhinoconjunctivitis causality is
less certain.peer-reviewe
Parent and Teacher (Dis)Agreement on the Conners Rating Scale: Revised-Long Format
Get PDFThe Conners Rating Scale: Revised-Long version (CRS: R-L) has been used widely in clinic and research settings to measure child behavior and symptoms of attention deficit hyperac- tivity disorder (ADHD). Despite evidence of poor agreement between parent and teacher reports of child internalizing and externalizing problems, no study to date has examined the levels of agreement between parent and teacher reports of child behavior using the CRS: R-L. Our aim was to measure the level of agreement between parent and teacher perception of child emotion and behavior problems using the CRS: R-L. A total of 591 New Zealand European mothers and their 7-year-old children participated in Phase 4 of the Auckland Birthweight Collaborative (ABC) study. Child behavior was measured when the children were 7 years old using the parent and teacher versions of the CRS: R-L. Parent and teacher agreement was analyzed using weighted kappa coefficient, Pearson correlation coefficient, and Bland-Altman plots. Agreement between parent and teacher reports of child behavior was found to range between poor and low. Agreement decreased with reports of increasing behavioral problems and was generally higher for externalizing subscales and lower for in- ternalizing subscales
A Data-Driven Typology of Asthma Medication Adherence using Cluster Analysis
Get PDFAsthma preventer medication non-adherence is strongly associated with poor asthma control. One-dimensional measures of adherence may ignore clinically important patterns of medication-taking behavior. We sought to construct a data-driven multi-dimensional typology of medication non-adherence in children with asthma. We analyzed data from an intervention study of electronic inhaler monitoring devices, comprising 211 patients yielding 35,161 person-days of data. Five adherence measures were extracted: the percentage of doses taken, the percentage of days on which zero doses were taken, the percentage of days on which both doses were taken, the number of treatment intermissions per 100 study days, and the duration of treatment intermissions per 100 study days. We applied principal component analysis on the measures and subsequently applied k-means to determine cluster membership. Decision trees identified the measure that could predict cluster assignment with the highest accuracy, increasing interpretability and increasing clinical utility. We demonstrate the use of adherence measures towards a three-group categorization of medication non-adherence, which succinctly describes the diversity of patient medication taking patterns in asthma. The percentage of prescribed doses taken during the study contributed to the prediction of cluster assignment most accurately (84% in out-of-sample data)
Duration of breastfeeding and risk of SIDS: an individual participant data meta-analysis
Get PDFCONTEXT: Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is a leading cause of postneonatal infant mortality. Our previous meta-analyses showed that any breastfeeding is protective against SIDS with exclusive breastfeeding conferring a stronger effect.The duration of breastfeeding required to confer a protective effect is unknown.
OBJECTIVE: To assess the associations between breastfeeding duration and SIDS.
DATA SOURCES: Individual-level data from 8 case-control studies.
STUDY SELECTION: Case-control SIDS studies with breastfeeding data.
DATA EXTRACTION: Breastfeeding variables, demographic factors, and other potential confounders were identified. Individual-study and pooled analyses were performed.
RESULTS: A total of 2267 SIDS cases and 6837 control infants were included. In multivariable pooled analysis, breastfeeding for <2 months was not protective (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 0.91, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.68–1.22). Any breastfeeding ≥2 months was protective, with greater protection seen with increased duration (2–4 months: aOR: 0.60, 95% CI: 0.44–0.82; 4–6 months: aOR: 0.40, 95% CI: 0.26–0.63; and >6 months: aOR: 0.36, 95% CI: 0.22–0.61). Although exclusive breastfeeding for <2 months was not protective (aOR: 0.82, 95% CI: 0.59–1.14), longer periods were protective (2–4 months: aOR: 0.61, 95% CI: 0.42–0.87; 4–6 months: aOR: 0.46, 95% CI: 0.29–0.74).
LIMITATIONS: The variables collected in each study varied slightly, limiting our ability to include all studies in the analysis and control for all confounders.
CONCLUSIONS: Breastfeeding duration of at least 2 months was associated with half the risk of SIDS. Breastfeeding does not need to be exclusive to confer this protection
Maternal post-natal tobacco use and current parental tobacco use is associated with higher body mass index in children and adolescents: an international cross-sectional study
Get PDFBackground: We investigated whether maternal smoking in the first year of life or any current parental smoking is associated with childhood or adolescent body mass index (BMI). Methods: Secondary analysis of data from a multi-centre, multi-country, cross-sectional study (ISAAC Phase Three). Parents/guardians of children aged 6-7 years completed questionnaires about their children's current height and weight, whether their mother smoked in the first year of the child's life and current smoking habits of both parents. Adolescents aged 13-14 years completed questionnaires about their height, weight and current parental smoking habits. A general linear mixed model was used to determine the association between BMI and parental smoking. Results: 77,192 children (18 countries) and 194 727 adolescents (35 countries) were included. The BMI of children exposed to maternal smoking during their first year of life was 0.11 kg/m2 greater than those who were not (P = 0.0033). The BMI of children of currently smoking parents was greater than those with non-smoking parents(maternal smoking: +0.08 kg/m2 (P = 0.0131), paternal smoking: +0.10 kg/m2 (P < 0.0001)). The BMI of female adolescents exposed to maternal or paternal smoking was 0.23 kg/m2 and 0.09 kg/m2 greater respectively than those who were not exposed (P < 0.0001). The BMI of male adolescents was greater with maternal smoking exposure, but not paternal smoking (0.19 kg/m2, P < 0.0001 and 0.03 kg/m2, P = 0.14 respectively). Conclusion: Parental smoking is associated with higher BMI values in children and adolescents. Whether this is due to a direct effect of parental smoking or to confounding cannot be established from this observational study
DECOUPLED PAYMENTS IN A CHANGING POLICY SETTING
Get PDFThe studies in this report analyze the effects of decoupled payments in the Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform (FAIR) Act on recipient households, and assess land, labor, risk management, and capital market conditions that can lead to links between decoupled payments and production choices. Each study contributes a different perspective to understanding the response of U.S. farm households and production to decoupled income transfers. Some use new microdata on farm households collected through USDA's Agricultural Resource Management Survey (ARMS), initiated in 1996, and its predecessor survey. These data are used to compare household and producer behavior and outcomes before and after the FAIR Act. Other studies use applied or conceptual models to characterize the impact of introducing decoupled payments. Collectively, the chapters represent an early stage in the empirical analysis of decoupled payments. The studies address many aspects of the payments' household impacts but remaining issues call for additional analysis. As the analytical paradigm changes with the evolution of farm programs, the development of appropriate data and models will improve our understanding of farm program impacts on the behavior and well-being of U.S. farm households, and the agricultural sector.Agricultural and Food Policy,
International Public Health Research Involving Interpreters: a Case Study from Bangladesh
Get PDFBackground: Cross-cultural and international research are important components of public health research, but the challenges of language barriers and working with interpreters are often overlooked, particularly in the case of qualitative research.
Methods: A case-study approach was used to explore experiences of working with an interpreter in Bangladesh as part of a research project investigating women's experiences of emergency obstetric care.
The case study: Data from the researcher's field notes provided evidence of experiences in working with an interpreter and show how the model of interviewing was adapted over time to give a more active role to the interpreter. The advantages of a more active role were increased rapport and "flow" in interviews. The disadvantages included reduced control from the researcher's perspective. Some tensions between the researcher and interpreter remained hard to overcome,
irrespective of the model used. Independent transcription and translation of the interviews also raised questions around accuracy in translation.
Conclusion: The issues examined in this case study have broader implications for public health research. Further work is needed in three areas: 1) developing effective relationships with interpreters; 2) the impact of the interpreter on the research process; and 3) the accuracy of the translation and level of analysis needed in any specific public health research. Finally, this paper highlights the importance to authors of reflecting on the potential impact of translation and interpretation on the research process when disseminating their research
Cannabinoids and Ghrelin Have Both Central and Peripheral Metabolic and Cardiac Effects via AMP-activated Protein Kinase
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Association between Frequency of Consumption of Fruit, Vegetables, Nuts and Pulses and BMI: Analyses of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC).
Get PDFDiets which emphasize intakes of plant-based foods are recommended to reduce disease risk and for promoting healthy weight. The aim of this study was to examine the association between fruit, vegetables, pulses and nut intake and body mass index (BMI) across countries in adolescents (13-14 years) and children (6-7 years). Data from the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood; 77,243 children's parents and 201,871 adolescents was used to examine the association between dietary intake (Food Frequency Questionnaire) and BMI using general linear models, adjusting for country gross national index. Adolescents who consumed fruit, vegetables, pulses and nuts three or more times a week had a lower BMI than the never or occasional group; eating nuts three or more times a week, was associated with a BMI value of 0.274 kg/m² lower than the never group (p < 0.001). Compared to children who never or occasionally reported eating vegetables, those reporting that they ate vegetables three or more times per week had a lower BMI of -0.079 kg/m². In this large global study, an inverse association was observed between BMI and the reported increasing intake of vegetables in 6-7 years old and fruit, vegetables, pulses and nuts in adolescents. This study supports current dietary recommendations which emphasize the consumption of vegetables, nut and pulses, although the effect sizes were small.Acknowledgments: This work was supported by Cure Kids New Zealand through a grant to E.A. Mitchell and I. Braithwaite. Cure Kids New Zealand had no role or influence in design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis and interpretation of the data; preparation, review or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication.Revisión por pare
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